What role does social class play in Pride and Prejudice and Mrs Dalloway Free Essay Example, 3000 words

An illustration of this manner of classification is the relationship of employee and employer. In social power, a person is seen as a social superior by another that gives them an authority to implement power over them. The three dimensions of Weber’s stratification theory are illustrated in Mrs. Dalloway book where the crowd gathers at the gates of Buckingham Palace. The majority of the people gathered there were poor people who admired the beauty of the palace (Woolf 2012, p. 17). The role of social class in the two books is described in four elements. These elements include; social restrictions, levels of rank, marriages that cross the class line and male power. The sociological stratum of Pride and Prejudice and Mrs. Dalloway is based on the 18th-century economic models of Marxists. The concept Marxist states that a class is a combination of subjective and objective elements. From the perspective of objective, people of a class share a similar connection to a way of production. On the other hand, subjective aspect is concerned with the way people perceive their similarity and ordinary interests. We will write a custom essay sample on What role does social class play in Pride and Prejudice and Mrs Dalloway or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Class consciousness is a set of shared perceptions in regard to how the society is arranged in terms of political, cultural, legal and social structures. Conflict exists between two major classes, that is, the larger proletariat and the bourgeoisie in Marxist structure. This form of conflict is witnessed in Mrs. Dalloway’s book between Doris Kilman and Clarissa. Clarissa despises Doris, whom she sees as a monster with ‘hooves’ taking her daughter from her. Likewise, Doris despises Clarissa, for her bourgeois mannerisms and financial means (Woolf 2012, p. 117-133). 1. The aspect of levels of rank A social class rank is displayed through social behaviour accurately and rapidly. The recognition of social class rank is a basic psychological process in the encounter of social class. In addition, perception outlines the manner in which people associate with others and recognise the social world. From ancient times, social class and conduct was in some cases written in law. For instance, some recorded issues include mode of dressing. Individuals of high class dressed elegantly and the sumptuary and aristocracy rules described the jewellery and clothing suitable for an individual’s social station and rank. From the novel Pride and Prejudice, the levels of ranks are seen from the point of view of Darcy and Elizabeth. Darcy is of high social rank because of his great wealth and degree of civilisation.

The Theme of Decadence in the Picture of Dorian Grey by...

The theme of decadence in The Picture of Dorian Grey by Oscar Wilde Staring from the definition found in the dictionary, the decadence is a literary movement especially of late 19th-century France and England characterized by refined aestheticism, artifice, and the quest for new sensations. [1] In decadence, important is not necessarily what is seen, but the hermeneutics: what man feels when he sees the creative result of this feeling. It is the current that requires a co-operation from the public to the artistic work for the purposes of re-creation. The image proposed by the decadents is a violent one, an image that shocks by having a fascinating and terrifying power. It is a image that stimulates and also stimulates.†¦show more content†¦His conception is hedeonistic. If Basil is the art creator, the picture’s creator, Lord Henry is the creator of Dorian’s new aspect. The experience of the sin is finished by killing his friend, Basil Hallward. His act does not stirs remorse, his only concern being to erase the traces in orde r to avoid getting discovered. His diabolism can be compared to the one of Des Esseintes , which attempts to transform a young man, Auguste Langlois, into an assassin, through vice, but the difference is that the Huysmanss character has not the power to commit a murder himself. The murder is followed by the destruction of the portrait. A strong element related to the decadent movement is the dandyism, the social phenomenon, meaning a man who places particular importance upon physical appearance, refined language, and leisurely hobbies, pursued with the appearance of nonchalance in a cult of Self.[5] A first determination of dandyism is shown when old Lord Fermor says to his nephew Henry Wotton Well, Harry, what brings you out so early? I thought you dandies never got up till two, and were not visible till five. [6] Lord Henry Wotton is fully a dandy, most of the qualities found at him. His modality of choosing the people he comes into strengthens the claim that Henry is a dandy, I choose myShow MoreRelatedIs Masculinity Defined Within The Comedy?2332 Words   |  10 Pagesdefinition of a man and masculinity started about in the victorian era, when decadence and elegance took the reins of society. This came about at a time where men began to care more about their choice of style, knowledge of art and literature and understanding of culture. This is shown in many art forms but specifically in the portrait â€Å"Dr. Pozzi At Home† by John Singer Sargent and the book â€Å"The picture of Dorian Grey† by Oscar Wilde. The question I want to address is how was masculinity defined in the

Commercial Law and Policy

Question: Discuss about the Commercial Law and Policy. Answer: Introduction: The Thermomix Appliance is the brand name for the types of the electricity product with powered by the kitchen appliances. The appliances are made in France by a German company Vorwerk Co. KG, which seems to be exclusively imported to Australia by the company Thermomix. The company TIA sells the appliances only by the help of the referred consultants who consists of the contractual rights in order to sell the appliances to retail and trade consumers from TIA. With considering the case of the Thermomix, the appliance seems to be creating a lot of problem which are being faced by the consumers. In fact the appliance creates drastic damages to the household consumers and thereby the burnt damages of the human beings or the consumers are depicted with respect to the provided case (newell, 2014). It thereby provides the incident report of the consumers that receives treatment from the doctors and the nurses. The consideration of the case study provides the detailed explanation of the injuries created by the product Thermomix supplied by TIA. As per the incident provided in the Appendix one with the detailed comment of both the consumers and the company TIA, provides the negative feedback with providing irregular explanation to the issues or the complaint launched at the forum of TIA. In context the issues, it depict the cases of serious burns at the chest, arms, neck and faces with the 2nd degree burns are also depicted (Goldring, 2005). The complaints of the replacements with the consumers facing consistent problems and with respect to this issue no actions were taken for the product supplied by the TIA. Henceforth the details of the issues also depict the cleaning functions problems with leading to the burst of the product and thereby making the case more critical in case for the consumers. In maximum cases the bursting of the machine seems to be taking place with providing the inappro priate function or depicting the malfunction of the system in the product. s, the case seems to be judged on the basis of the inappropriate maintenance of the services regarding the product which thereby creating harm to the people. With reference to the Civil Liability Statute, the case provides the injuries are depicted in this case and thereby the compensation laws regarding the Civil Liability Status are applied in this case which depicts the claims that are made by the consumers for the harms crested by them (Regan, 2012). Under the Legislation ACTS of section 5(3) by the Civil Liability and the Other Legislation Amendment Act 2010 (old) with the consideration of the Civil Liability Act 2003(old), depicts the allowing of the damages that are created for allowing the damages to be awarded under the section 59A. This section also depicts the general inclusion of the personal injuries that seems to be depicted in this case and thereby the claims are made with thereby providing the legal legislations which seems o be depicted in this case and thereby the i nappropriate domestic service are provided by the company TIA which lead the company to a major breakdown. The provision of the claims which are made against the company seems to be dust related for the company which are compared to the smoking (Santucci, 2011). The Section 6 of the Personal Injuries Proceedings Act 2002 states that the Act seems to be applied to all the personal injuries made by the court proceedings. With the failure of the case, the company is penalised as per the above mentioned Sections and the Acts which creates importance for this case and thereby the considerations are created accordingly. The situations depicts the appropriate claims that are prepared for the consideration of the case and thereby the consideration of the injuries and the case of the forgery are depicted in this case and thereby the legal actions with reference to the Civil Acts are made against the case depicted in the case study. The consideration of this case provides successful implementation of the Act that are followed with creating compensation for the consumers as per the Act of Compensation Legislation which are the Personal Injuries Proceedings Act 2002 and the Section (209)(b) of the Anti Discrimination Act are referred in this case (YEUNG, 2005). The application related to this Acts provides the appropriate implementation of changes that are made against the injuries created by the TIA. The consideration of the application provides the appropriate implementation of the changes with awarding the claims that are made by the consumers with depicting the damages that are created by the Company. The interpretation is also depicted with relating to the harm caused to the consumers. It also depicts the tort of the laws that are depicted in this case with the appropriate measurements mentioned. The aspects are considered with the provision of the respondent which is created in order to enclose the disclosur e of the documents. The issues help in depicting the incident and thereby the obligation helps in creating the claimant and thereby the incidents helps in determining the obligations that are depicted against the company which henceforth helps in determining the issues (White, 2009). The establishment of the obligation helps in creating the issues against the company with thereby indicating the claimant about the faults that are made by the company. Henceforth, the justifications of the case are made with relevant to the case and thereby the common law legal Principles are stated with the consideration of the fact of the Thermomix. The tort law puts limit on the money amount that can be awarded for damages in personal injury case. The damages in the personal injuries can be limited by different legal concepts and state statues. The total damage amount other than the damages for the economic losses should be capped at same amount as cap on damaged for the non economic loss in the defamation. The introduction of the reforms to Wrong Act 1958 was staggered, with provision introducing caps to economic loss and general damages and changes to discount rate (Barker, 2005). Caps play a significant role in limiting the extent of tort liability that might be owed to injured users. The injured one gets compensation for the damages. The total damage amount other than the damages for the economic losses should be capped at same amount as cap on damaged for the non economic loss in the defamation. According to the tort law, there are two types of damages: non economic damages and economic damages. Damage caps helps to manage high cost of carrying out business by reducing the liability of the service providers (Burrell and McGinn, 2009). Caps limit the amount of money of the non economic damages that can be awarded for injury case. The civil liability statue provisions states that caps limit the extent of the tort liability that can be owed to inured person. Therefore, in the given case study caps limit the amount of the non economic damages of the company that would be awarded to injured individual. The maximum damage amount that can be awarded for the losses is subject to cap on the basis of total average weekly earnings (Davenport and Parker, 2011). The maximum damage amount that can awarded to claimants for the non economic losses is a cap of amount $371380. The injured person should provide evidence that he or she had suffered a major injury. The Wrongs Act explains damages for the economic losses are awarded generally as the lump sum with earning capacity loss capped based on the AWE. The economic damages are damages that an injured person has paid out or will continue to be paid as a result of the injury. Non economic damages are referred to as different types of suffering, pain and loss due to damage (Hayward, 2011). Punitive damages are established to punish individuals who is doing wrong things and performing bad conduct. The government has implemented law in order to change traditional rules and regulations in the name of the tort reform. Under traditional rule and regulation, a claimant can claim full damage amount from the defendant. The rational for several and joint liability was that the claimant should not be simply punished because one of the defendants was impossible to find (Homburg, 2008). The states passed law to eliminate several and joint liability and require the defendant to pay her or his proportionate liability. The collateral source rule obstructs the defendant to present at the trial evidence that the claimant has received compensation for injuries from other sources. The Australian Law Reform Commission introduced cap on the damages other than for the economic loss. The total general damages amount for the non economic loss and the exemplary damage awarded would be capped at same amount as cap on the damages for the non economic loss in the defamation awards (Malbon and Nottage, 2 013). The law explains the details of claims and the amount of money that should be compensated. The law also states that the claimant would not be compensated for non economic losses. When an individual suffers an injury and they should be awarded for monetary losses and not for non economic losses. Therefore, a injured person can be awarded for suffering and pain, physical impairment, inconvenience, loss of consortium and disfigurement (McGrath, 2007). The damage cap refers to the law that amount of money is limited that to be awarded for the cases. The legislatures and laws have enacted caps in the civil cases. However, some caps are for only specific types such as medical malpractice and some of the states limit the non economic damages (Miller, Sims and Miller, 2013). Therefore, damages on caps states that personal injury such as medical malpractice case or accident case can get compensations for non economic and economic damages. The economic damage includes financial losses t hat have been suffered due to the injuries such as the medical bills, loss of income, cost of the future treatment, and so on. The non economical damages are not claiming for the economic losses but for the emotional and pain distress that have suffered due to the injuries (Mo, 2012). As per the Australian Tort Law, it will be considered as the Law of negligence as due to the negligence of the manufacturer and trader company the consumer of the product has to face such a dreadful incident and has to suffer from these types of unbearable pain and injury. Therefore, the manufacturer company as well as the trader company both will be liable for the harm and injury occurred for the plaintiff (O'Sullivan, 2008). As per the Australian Consumer Law, the company should be liable to the customer, the product the companies sold should not be harmed to the customer, and they must be secure. Here the company Thermomix trades the kitchen appliances within the Australia and the company imports the product from France, where the product is manufactured by the German Company. The company is liable for the injuries occurred to the customers, who are suffering from the product as the product burst at the time of cooking (Shaw, 2003). And the customer severely injured from the produ cts the company has to check the product and take care of the customers security. The companies have to take adequate care for the product security and customers safety. In these cases there are several incidents where the customer of the Thermomix suffered from the bad quality of product. Moreover, the product was unsafe for the customers thus the company must be sued for the injuries happened to the customers (Sweeney, O'Reilly and Coleman, 2010). The defense of the distributor company would be that they were not producing the products and they can say they are not liable for any manufacturing defect of the product. They are only liable for the trading activities. The manufacturing company is also defense themselves by producing the fact that in the time of operating the products the safety green seal was not used and in that case the company is not liable as the company provide the user manual and where all the instructions for the use of the products has been written clearly (Th omas, 2010). Moreover, it was the customers fault that they misuse the product and cannot handle the product with proper care. Therefore, in that case the company is not liable to the accidents occurred to the customers and the injuries and pain the customers have to suffer was for their own practices. In this case the company was not liable for the injuries occurred to the customers. The Australian consumer law provides protection and rights to the consumers. In the given case study, the manufacturer or distributor of Thermomix appliance are responsible to the injured persons as per the Australian consumer law. The injured persons can take legal actions against the manufacturers and distributors (Watson, Gleeson and Higgins, 2013). With the consideration of the case study of TIA, the ACL actions that are undertaken with providing the details of the case study, on the basis of Australian Consumer Law, the guilt is proved to be the company with showing the violation of the riles and thereby the creation of the defences are presented with focusing on grounds of the manufacturer. The manufacturer is depicted to be the TIA which seems to be proven fault in this case. The case also provides the views of the company with thereby creating a discrimination of the products and thereby this type of mixing made by the company seems to be determining results that seem to be against the company. With the consideration of the actions of the company, the distribution of the application of the laws is evenly made which provides the information of being guilt for the company (Sweeney, O'Reilly and Coleman, 2010). According to the Australian Consumer Law, the approach provides the appropriate information with making appropriate j udgment of the laws with undertaking the views of the company and thereby the Supreme Court of the Queensland provides the information with providing appropriate views for the consumers with arranging them their claims against the company. The claims are repaid in the form of the penalty and thereby the penalty seems to be applied by the court according to the Act of Civil Liability 2003 chapter 2 pt 1 div 1. The risk of the injury case was applied on the company and henceforth the Company was proven to be guilt in this case. References Barker, D. (2005).Essential Australian law. Sydney, N.S.W.: Cavendish. Burrell, D. and McGinn, J. (2009).Cornerstone law series. [Adelaide]: Law Society of South Australia. Davenport, S. and Parker, D. (2011).Business and law in Australia. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia. Hayward, B. (2011). 'Commercial Arbitration in Australia' by Doug Jones.Deakin Law Review, 16(2), p.569. Homburg, J. (2008).Cornerstone law series. [Adelaide]: Law Society of South Australia. Malbon, J. and Nottage, L. (2013).Consumer law policy in Australia New Zealand. Annandale, N.S.W.: Federation Press. McGrath, S. (2007).Cornerstone law series. [Adelaide]: Law Society of South Australia. Miller, R., Sims, R. and Miller, R. (2013).Miller's Australian Competition and Consumer Law annotated. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Law Books. Mo, J. (2012).International commercial law. Chatswood, N.S.W.: LexisNexis Butterworths. O'Sullivan, P. (2008).Cornerstone law series for new lawyers. [Adelaide]: Law Society of South Australia. Shaw, M. (2003).International law. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. Sweeney, B., O'Reilly, J. and Coleman, A. (2010).Law in commerce. Chatswood, NSW: LexisNexis Butterworths. Thomas, G. (2010).Cornerstone law series. [Adelaide]: Law Society of South Australia. Watson, J., Gleeson, J. and Higgins, R. (2013).Historical foundations of Australian law. Annandale, N.S.W.: Federation Press. White, R. (2009).Cornerstone law series. [Adelaide]: Law Society of South Australia. Goldring, J. (2005). Civil Liability Law Reform in Australia : the "King of Torts" Is Dead.Uniform Law Review - Revue De Droit Uniforme,10(3), 447-468. newell, C. (2014).Australian Civil Liability Guide (9th edition).Carternewell.com. Retrieved 15 September 2016, from https://www.carternewell.com/Australian-Civil-Liability-Guide-9th-Edition/#44/z Regan, P. (2012). Enacting Legislation--a Civil Servant's Perspective.Statute Law Review,34(1), 32-38. Santucci, P. (2011). Substantive Fairness in Australian Standard Form Consumer Contracts: Lessons from the UK Experience.Oxford Uni Cwealth Law J,11(2), 171-195. YEUNG, K. (2005). Does the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission Engage in "Trial by Media"?*.Law Policy,27(4), 549-577.

The Great Influenza free essay sample

In one of the most recent outbreaks of infectious disease since the Black Plague, The flu epidemic of 1918 caused mass hysteria around the world. During the 1918 flu outbreak, it became evident that challenging aspects of scientific research required different characteristics of scientists. In this excerpt from â€Å"The Great Influenza†, John M. Barry describes in detail about many ideas relating to this event, including the side of a scientist and the methodologies of research. The author analyzed the tactics and qualities of scientists of the time to paint a picture of uncertainty and certainty that faced the early 20th century affected by the flu. To convey to his audience what a scientist’s or researcher’s role consists of, Barry uses syntax, exemplification, figurative language, and diction to elaborate. Barry begins the excerpt by conceptualizing certainty in the minds of scientists. The passage begins with â€Å"A scientist must accept the fact that all of his or her work, even beliefs, may break apart upon the sharp edge of a single laboratory finding. We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Influenza or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He continues by stating that certainty creates strength uncertainty creates weakness (1-3). By using syntax and parallel structure the author indicates that mental inquiry and understanding of the subject in question is a necessity for the scientist. This contrast of certainty lays the framework for the succeeding paragraphs. The second and third paragraphs build on this assumption by putting forth the basic qualities and describing the difficulties of a scientist and their work. He continues to explain scientists in a metaphor as ones merely existing on the frontier or precipice of technology, taking experimental steps into the unknown which may lead to their downfall. Barry describes the innovation of the scientist as â€Å"seeing through the looking glass into a world that seems entirely different†. However, he cautions the formulation of new theories by saying that â€Å"science teaches us to doubt†, further exemplified by his example of Einstein, who would not accept his own theories until they were thoroughly tested by others. In order to identify obstacles in the world of experimentation and to describe the necessary actions to overcome them, Barry utilizes exemplification by providing specific scenarios. While describing the creativity needed to overcome difficulties, Barry uses the examination of a rock as an example to support his claim. He discusses what tools would be the most appropriate to use—â€Å"Would a pick be best, or would dynamite be better? † This hypothetical question represents Barry’s claim that creativity is a common problem that scientists encounter in their work. He goes on to use the examination of a rock’s environment as an example of a scientist’s mission to obtain needed information—â€Å"There is a stream passing over the rock. † These examples assist the author in supporting his idea that complications arise in which scientists must use creativity and curiosity to figure them out. His strategy is clear, concise, and has a powerful diction. By using several devices of figurative language, Barry is able to further describe a researcher’s challenges by comparing them to other situations and ideas. While discussing the unknown boundary that scientists must persist, Barry describes a â€Å"wilderness region† that is unfamiliar and new. He continues to say that scientists venture â€Å"through the looking glass† into a new frontier. These devices help to create familiar ideas that will help the audience understand the situation. Another mechanism used was a simile that compared research to a â€Å"crystal† by explaining that â€Å"probing† was to â€Å"precipitate an order out of chaos. † Finally, Barry applies a metaphor in order to discuss what follows a discovery. He describes â€Å"a flood of colleagues† that â€Å"pave roads over the path laid. † This tells how science changes continuously, one discovery after another ultimately revealing the patience and curiosity that a scientist must have. These figurative devices teach a new way of understanding for an audience that is unfamiliar with the author’s theme. Barry continues to use a hypothetical example by using imagery in a situation of finding the right tools to do the job for rock analysis. He states that â€Å"in the wilderness the scientist must create †¦everything. This choice of diction in the form of simple words stresses the role that scientists and researchers play on society. There are multiple questions to simulate the thinking tendencies of a scientist as he changes from one thought to another as they are deemed infeasible. The very uncertain approach of a scientist, always changing, is reflected by these short possible thoughts of a scientist. Finally , the scientist prevails. The post pioneer scientists then flood the scene, taking advantage of the breakthroughs. This metaphorical representation of innovation in thought is continued when the following workers flesh out the scientific theories raised by the original scientist. Throughout the course of the excerpt Barry uses different rhetorical strategies to define the role that scientists and researchers play. For a scientist to become successful, they have to think outside of the box to solve insurmountable problems. By applying this knowledge to the epidemic faced by the people in 1918, it the scientific method alludes to the solutions created by the scientists of the time.

Naturalism in Jack Londons To Build a Fire and The Call of the Wild

Table of Contents Thesis statement Analytical part Conclusion References Footnotes Thesis statement Nowadays, literary critics are being well aware of the fact that it was namely throughout the course of late 19th and early 20th centuries, that the naturalist motifs in European and American literature have come to their all-times-high prominence.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Naturalism in Jack London’s To Build a Fire and The Call of the Wild specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In its turn, this can be explained by the fact that, during the course of this historical period, more and more writers have been realizing that Darwin’s evolutionary theory, concerned with the survival of the fittest, correlates perfectly well with the essence of human societies’ inner dynamics. As it was noted by Cuddy and Roche (2003): â€Å"[In early 20th century] The notion of the survival of the fit test in relation to inherited traits and response to environmental factors became fertile conceptual ground for literary analysis of human nature and society† (22). The validity of such an idea can be well explored in regards to the literary legacy of one of America’s greatest writers – Jack London, as the extreme naturalism of many of his short stories and novels conveys a clearly defined philosophical message – only the objectively existing laws of nature, to which people are being subjected as much as plants and animals, which should be thought of as the basis of true ethics. According to McClintock (1970): â€Å"Since, for London, science had dislodged idealistic concepts of man, his temperament insisted that affirmations of the human condition, too, have a scientifically justifiable rationale† (336). Therefore, it comes as no surprise that in literary works of Jack London, naturalist motifs do not only serve the purpose of increasing the extent of plot’s emotional appeal, but they are also being expected to enlighten readers on the true essence of their existential mode. In this paper, we will aim to substantiate the validly of an earlier articulated thesis at length, while exploring the emanations of literary naturalism in London’s short story To Build a Fire and in the novel The Call of the Wild. Analytical part The close reading of London’s ‘Northern’ short stories and novels, points out to the fact that naturalistic themes and motifs, contained in them, are being utilized not only for the purpose of exposing a particular ease, with which a formerly civilized individual can be reduced to a primeval savage, while facing the elements, but also for the purpose of revealing a variety of Western ethical conventions conceptually fallacious, since they do not correspond to the essence of their carriers’ physiological functioning.Advertising Looking for research paper on american l iterature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As Rossetti (2006) had put it: â€Å"Naturalism rebukes the primitive for his or her debasement. At the same time, however, it necessarily posits a privileged class and confirms that class’s elite status† (5). The soundness of this suggestion can be explored within the context of a following quote from To Build a Fire: â€Å"As he [traveler] turned to go on, he spat speculatively. There was a sharp, explosive crackle that startled him. He spat again. And again, in the air, before it could fall to the snow, the spittle crackled† (The World of Jack London). Apparently, the author had made a deliberate point in drawing readers’ attention to purely physiological process of spitting. Nevertheless, given story’s overall context, the fact that the traveler has been spitting rather excessively, does not degrade him in readers’ eyes, as this context confirm s the validity of London’s conviction that whatever is natural, cannot be referred to as ‘immoral’ or ‘anti-aesthetic’, by definition. In its turn, this explains why the apparent ‘distastefulness’ of London’s preoccupation with expounding upon utterly graphic aspects of human existence, clearly visible in this particular story, did not result in lessening the extent of story’s literary appeal. The same can be said about the effects of utilization of naturalist motifs in London’s novel The Call of the Wild, where author had gone a great length while describing physical violence’s mechanical subtleties with great precision. For example, in the scene where Buck receives his first ‘submission beating’, London appears to have deliberately strived to produce a heavy blow onto readers’ sense of aesthetic appropriateness: â€Å"The man, shifting the club from right to left, coolly caught him [Buck ] by the under jaw, at the same time wrenching downward and backward. Buck described a complete circle in the air, and half of another, then crashed to the ground on his head and chest† (11). It is needless to mention, of course, that the way, in which London had gone about describing the scene of Buck’s beating, can be best referred to as utterly graphic.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Naturalism in Jack London’s To Build a Fire and The Call of the Wild specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More And yet, given the fact that London had never made a point in treating the subject of violence as ‘thing in itself’, while aiming to simply entertain intellectually marginalized readers, we cannot be referring to this particular scene’s clearly defined naturalism as being distasteful, in semantic sense of this word. The earlier suggestion helps us to realize the essence of Londonà ¢â‚¬â„¢s literary talent. Apparently, unlike what it used to be the case with many of his writing contemporaries; he was not only able to benefit from tackling the issue of violence in intellectually honest manner, but also to show that, under no circumstances, should emanations of physical violence be regarded as ethically inappropriate, by definition, because in the natural environment, they do provide an additional momentum to the process living organisms becoming ever-more complex – hence, violence’s high morality.[1] In its turn, this explains the phenomenon of why it were author’s particularly naturalistic literary pieces that appealed to intellectually sophisticate readers the most – whatever the ironic it might sound. In his article, Nash (1966) states: â€Å"His [London’s] readers had little difficulty seeing the moral for their own lives of Buck’s reversion to the primitive. Significantly, London’s White Fang (1906), in whi ch a wolf becomes a family dog, never enjoyed the popularity of The Call of the Wild† (530). Thus, it will not be much of an exaggeration, on our part, to suggest that it is due to London naturalism’s strongly defined philosophical sounding that even today; most readers consider it contextually appropriate. Another reason why it is being the case is that London often exposes naturalistic themes and motifs in conjunction with his characters being on a great mission. For example, even though author’s description of traveler’s physical appearance in To Build a Fire, implies his lessened ability to conform to the conventions of Western civilized living: â€Å"The man’s red beard and mustache were likewise frosted†¦ Also, the man was chewing tobacco, and the muzzle of ice held his lips so rigidly that he was unable to clear his chin when he expelled the juice† (The World of Jack London), it nevertheless does not imply his lessened ability to act as such living’s actual agent. The reason for this is simple – in To Build a Fire, the character of a traveler never loses its cool, right to the very end. In its turn, this subtly confirms the sheer objectiveness of a so-called ‘White man’s burden’ notion. It is namely the fact that White people’s exposal to the hostile environment does not usually undermine their ability to face life’s challenges in a rational manner, which created objective preconditions for them to be given the mission of spreading the light of civilization throughout the world.[2] This is exactly the reason why in To Built a Fire, author’s utilization of naturalistic motifs invokes perceptional stoicism in readers.Advertising Looking for research paper on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As Gurian (1966) had rightly noted: â€Å"Jack London’s men fight, as heroes, against surrounding force†¦ London depicts protagonists fighting to win in a causative naturalist universe† (112). By naturalistically juxtaposing the character of traveler against the hostile forces of nature, London provides readers with the insight onto Faustian workings of White people’s psyche. There can be very little doubt as to the fact that the strongly defined naturalism of many scenes in The Call of the Wild, serves essentially the same purpose. Given the fact that in this novel, dogs are being endowed with essentially human psychological traits, it comes as not a particular surprise that, while being exposed to the scenes of bloody rivalry between Buck and Spitz, readers gain a better understanding of what accounts for the essence of dynamics, within just about any human society. Apparently, London believed that the representatives of Homo Sapiens specie are nothing bu t primates, with the layer of their civilizational sophistication being only skin-deep.[3] Just as it is being the case with apes, people think of ensuring the propagation of their genes (through sexual mating) and of gaining a dominant position within social hierarchy, as such that represent their foremost priorities in life. Therefore, the following naturalistic scene, where Buck and Spitz fight to the death, while trying to ensure their dominance, within the pack, can be best referred to as perfectly connotative of how people go about gaining social prominence, within a society to which they happened to belong: â€Å"In vain Buck strove to sink his teeth in the neck of the big white dog. Wherever his fangs struck for the softer flesh, they were countered by the fangs of Spitz. Fang clashed fang, and lips were cut and bleeding, but Buck could not penetrate his enemy’s guard† (35). Apparently, throughout the course of his life, London never ceased being aware of a sim ple fact that, on this earth, there is simply no enough place under the sun for all – only the smartest and the strongest enjoy dialectically predetermined existential superiority. This is exactly the reason why there are clearly defined Social-Darwinist[4] undertones to naturalist themes and motifs, contained in both: The Call of the Wild and To Build a Fire. Nevertheless, it would be wrong to think that these motifs are being essentially nihilistic. According to Auerbach (1995), the utterly naturalist way in which London’s characters address life’s challenges, is itself can be thought as the source of a new morality, based upon people’s recognition of natural laws’ full objectivity: â€Å"This [Darwinian] struggle†¦ demands the dominance of one man over another; hence the origins of a master/slave dialectic†¦ by working, [slave] becomes master over nature, and in doing so frees himself from nature as well as from himself† (59). What it means that it is utterly inappropriate to refer to London’s literary naturalism as an indication of the fact that he thought of ‘primitiveness’ and ‘realness’ as basically synonymous concepts. Quite on the contrary – as the reading of The Call of the Wild and To Build a Fire points out to, characters’ exposal to naturalistically defined primitivism, on the part of nature itself (in the short story) and on the part of gold-seeking brutes and their dogs (in the novel), cannot be discussed outside of how it helped these characters to realize the sheer extent of their perceptional nobleness. Conclusion We believe that the line of argumentation, deployed throughout paper’s analytical part, confirms the validity of an initial thesis that the presence of naturalist motifs and themes in London’s The Call of the Wild and To Build a Fire, should be thought of as having philosophical rather than purely instrumental purpose. W hile never ceasing to treat readers in intellectually honest manner, sublimated in his tendency to provide graphically detailed accounts of characters’ struggle with the hostile environment and with viciously-minded competitors for the same environmental niche; London strived to promote an idea that it is only those capable of understanding the full spectrum of ‘survival of the fittest’ concept’s implications, who deserve to remain on the leading edge of biological evolution. Given the fact that, due to being subjected to ideological oppression of political correctness, more and more men in Western countries now grow exceedingly feminized, it is very likely that in the future, London’s literary naturalism is going to be increasingly referred to as such that contains clues as to very essence of masculine virtuousness. References Auerbach, Jonathan â€Å"Congested Mails’: Buck and Jack’s ‘Call†. American  Literature 67.1 ( 1995): 51-76. Carroll, Joseph. Literary Darwinism: Evolution, Human Nature, and Literature. New York: Routledge, 2004. Cuddy, Lois Roche, Claire. Evolution and Eugenics in American Literature and  Culture, 1880-1940: Essays on Ideological Conflict and Complicity. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2003. Gurian, Jay â€Å"The Romantic Necessity in Literary Naturalism: Jack London†.  American Literature 38.1 (1966): 112-120. Labor, Earle â€Å"Jack London’s Symbolic Wilderness: Four Versions†. Nineteenth-Century Fiction 17.2 (1962): 149-161. London, Jack â€Å"The Call of the Wild†. Ibiblio. The Public’s Library and Digital  Archive. 2011. Web. http://www.ibiblio.org/ebooks/London/Call%20of%20Wild.pdf London, Jack â€Å"To Build a Fire†. The World of Jack London. 2011. Web. McClintock, James â€Å"Jack London’s Use of Carl Jung’s Psychology of the Unconscious†. American Literature 42.3 (1970): 336-347. Mills, Gor don â€Å"Jack London’s Quest for Salvation†. American Quarterly 7.1 (1955): 3-14. Nash, Roderick â€Å"The American Cult of the Primitive†. American Quarterly 18.3 (1966): 517-537. Rossetti, Gina. Imagining the Primitive in Naturalist and Modernist Literature. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2006. Seitler, Dana. Atavistic Tendencies: the Culture of Science in American  Modernity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008. Footnotes Gordon Mills. â€Å"Jack London’s Quest for Salvation†. American Quarterly 7.1 (1955),8. Earle Labor â€Å"Jack London’s Symbolic Wilderness: Four Versions†. Nineteenth-Century Fiction 17.2 (1962), 153. Dana Seitler. Atavistic Tendencies: the Culture of Science in American Modernity. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008), 221. Joseph Carroll. Literary Darwinism: Evolution, Human Nature, and Literature. (New York: Routledge, 2004), 117. This research paper on Naturalism in Jack London’s To Build a Fire and The Call of the Wild was written and submitted by user AnneMarieHoag to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A full detail of the first and the last chapters of the movie Gladiator Essays

A full detail of the first and the last chapters of the movie Gladiator Essays A full detail of the first and the last chapters of the movie Gladiator Essay A full detail of the first and the last chapters of the movie Gladiator Essay Essay Topic: The Heart Goes Last This essay is a full detail of the first and the last chapters of the movie gladiator; it also covers 3 different topics on the chapters. I am going to explain the expressions given by characters, what director wants from audience, and the role of camera in the movie. This film is presented as an exciting epic. The central focus of the film is intended to be on Maximus (Russell Crowe) by the director (Ridley Scott) and is about one mans heroic stand against the greatness, but at the same time, the corruption of the Roman Empire. Hell is unleashed is the title of the opening scene and begins with credits to the background of flames. It then progresses to a figure walking in a long grassed field to the background of the sky and the camera in a close up, focusing on his hand, the wedding ring clearly visible showing his devotion to his family at an early stage. At this point the music is melancholy with a female soloist which carries on throughout the film. This is a situation of calm; almost like a dream. The shot cuts to a close up on Maximus face as he lifts his head with his eyes closed, as if in deep thought. This is a dramatic change of scenery from the dream like golden fields to the reality of a war stricken battlefield. The music intensity quickens and he opens his eyes, the combined intensity of the music and the clothes he is wearing make him look like a powerful warrior. The camera then cuts to many different angles but after each one cuts back to Maximus, this is showing how busy everyone is when they are preparing for battle. The music is the theme tune. The music stops to show, perhaps, the silence before the battle and the camera cuts to Maximus riding his horse, the camera dollies with the horse and the music starts and intensity slowly rises as the camera cuts to the enemy showing themselves out of the dark. The camera is in amongst the soldiers preparing for battle showing the intensity of war and the discipline of the Romans compared to the barbarians. There is a birds eye view as the battle starts and you are shown all the firepower they had at their disposal. Archers, catapults, cavalry are shown to show the technologically advanced Romans. The camera cuts to the soldiers and the front line battle. The camera cuts to a close up with the camera dollying with cavalry soldiers and Maximus, the music is very fast which reflects the actions happening at the scene. The camera follows them into war where death is shown all the way through and very graphically which shows the horror of war, as the battle comes to an end the music slows and the scene moves into slow motion. The sound effects stop completely but for the music, which is very calm and mournful reflecting the horror of the battle. In this scene the shots go from distant to close up which show the violence, anger and pure adrenaline of war. At the end of the battle ash and snow start to fall, which represents that the Romans won the battle, but with a great cost of human life, the music is very melancholy representing sorrow. The Director wishes to show the audience how organized and invincible the Romans are (on the battle field at least), how they are lacking in motivation, and in contrast how the barbarians are fighting for a lost cause and yet they will not give up. He shows this by always making the Romans look organized and goes in amongst the barracks and with Maximus in the ambush with the camera where as the camera watches the barbarians get attacked and slaughtered. Death smiles at us all is the title of the ending scene and is of possibly the most significance of the whole film. It is the scene where he two main characters die and has religious over tones from the start. It starts with the two main characters, Maximus and Comadus, rising on a platform with roses dropping from above and a gospel choir singing as if they are rising up to heaven; the camera is close up until they go out of view and then pans out to see a wooden structure that resembles a cross. This may symbolize that someone is going to die. As they rise to the top platform the viewer is shown the whole of the floor of the coliseum covered in rose petals; this shows that this is a very emotional occasion. The camera then cuts to a close up of each person of significance to give the effect of a showdown, the petals also mite look like blood on the sand of the arena. During the period of most of the fight there is no music, only other sound effects such as swords clashing; this is because there is no music that could state every emotion that the characters would be feeling and so there is no need because the event almost speaks for its self as it is of such emotional significance because it would affect so many people. Before the battle starts we see a paradox between a bad man wearing white stabbing a good man wearing black in the back whilst showing affection and hugging him, this shows that Comadus wants to become the good man in the publics (us) eyes and Maximus is very upset and his life and does not care, all he wants to do is take revenge and do the last words of Marcus Aeurileus. As the battle starts the camera dollies with them but cuts back and forth from the ground level view and in the stands which puts the audience right in the seats of the arena, this is to give variety to the fight scene and keep it seeming fast paced and keep the audience involved in the fight, it also shows the fighters perspective to the fight. All through this scene some bits are in slow motion, others blurred and some normal speed; this is because whenever any of those happened it was always seen from Maximus view and so Maximus is beginning to die and would be seeing things at different speeds. The fight is fast paced and the camera angles vary lots of times in a very short space of time to make it look more exciting than it actually was. The only sound used throughout the fight scene is that of clashing blades. The camera cuts to Maximus house once more to show that he is dying and is almost dead, the director here wants the audience to sympathise with Maximus. As Comadus dies there is no music and very gory sound effects to show the enormity of the event and the director wants the audience not to have sympathy for him. The camera then cuts to silence with the camera spinning round the coliseum to give the effect of everyone watching and reflecting on the emperors death; the music starts very slowly and builds up. The camera cuts to Maximus house again to show he is really near the end and almost with his family in the afterlife, the solo vocalist returns and then the camera cuts between Maximus and the dead Emperors sister several times before a close up on his face as he dies; the camera then follows him as he glides along the ground, with rose petals clearly visible on the floor behind him symbolizing that he is b ack with his wife and child and happy again. The camera cuts to Maximus walking in the field back to his house as in the beginning but this time in colour and then cuts back to him lying on the floor in the middle of the coliseum. The camera moves to inside the ring of people and has a close up on the emperors daughters big speech about how Rome is not worth one good mans life with a close up view on her but looking up at her to give the effect of her being big and taking over. It then moves to a birds eye view as Maximus is carried off. Next the camera shows a close up of Chimsy burying Maximus figures of his family in sand stained in blood to symbolize him being with his family as he died in the same place in the sand and they are buried in his blood. The camera then rises to see the sun going down on the great city of Rome. In this scene I think that the director (Ridley Scott) is trying to show how weak such a powerful city like Rome can be and that even though it looks so magnificent, it only takes one man to tear it apart. Language At the beginning of the movie the language is shown in text. Within the text it explains the genre and idea of the movie by explaining the situation of the Roman Empire and that the Roman Empire was at its rise (therefore the audience realizes something is going to happen to the Roman Empire). But through out the whole movie the language is shown oral. Main characters such as Russell Crowe use very much of a wise-men language; this means they make influential speeches in the movie, which portrays their character in the movie. The barbarians and the Arabs are shown that they do not speak the same language as the Romans; therefore there are the bad and the roman language is the good. Music The music through out the movie is very downhearted and melancholy. The music expresses sorrow and sadness. At the beginning the movie starts with music and it ends with music, perhaps they are both parts of the same song because the tune seems to be the same. On the other hand there is a music theme for the wars and fights which is a more militia music type to show the expressions and give the feeling of war and death. Symbolism In this movie symbols were very much involved. Symbols such as robins to show winter, bad people wear black dirty and good people wear bright and clean, the bad dead body is on the floor in the arena and the good body is carried of with honor, a ring is shown to show devotion to family, flowers are always shown to show emotions, in the wars the catapults were shown to show the technology of the roman empire and Comadus is shown with a baby face which symbolizes a child, not an emperor. Many different symbols have been used in this movie to give hints or id

The Spanish Enconter the Native Americans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Spanish Enconter the Native Americans - Essay Example d developed, Native Americans encountered by Cortes in Meso-America exemplified the next, more advanced stage of evolution, compared to their counterparts living in the Caribbean. The issue is worth-discussing as these differences among Native American peoples imply the need to study their development and evolution in more detail. What Columbus saw upon his arrival at the Caribbean was rather simple and unsophisticated. Friendly people who, as Columbus and the Admiral perceived, could be easily converted into Christianity, met them on the island (Columbus). They had nothing against adopting new values and religion. They were completely naked and looked very poor (Columbus). They had no weapons and did not seem to be aware of their existence (Columbus). Without iron, their javelins were merely sticks, with a few wearing fish-bones at the ends (Columbus). Obviously, architecture and buildings they had none. Later, when Columbus sailed to explore other islands, he discovered remarkable villages, with houses made like tents with high chimneys (Columbus). All villages were small, comprising not more than fifteen tents (Columbus). Columbus’s diaries do not provide any information regarding their religion; most probably, they had none. However, throughout his writing, Columbus mentions the need and importance of converting the Natives into Christian faith. By contrast, the Native Americans encountered by Cortes in Meso-America exemplified a more civilized, advanced stage of human evolution. More sophisticated and technically developed, Native Americans in Meso-America had a complex social hierarchy (Cortes). Cortes described the place where Native Americans lived as â€Å"great city†. Cities were built following complex architectural patterns and traditions (Cortes). For example, the great city had four entrances formed by artificial causeways (Cortes). Streets were straight and wide (Cortes). Unlike Native Americans living in the Caribbean, the Native Americans in